PostgreSQL 9.1.24 Documentation
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# 9.4. String Functions and Operators

This section describes functions and operators for examining and manipulating string values. Strings in this context include values of the types `character`, `character varying`, and `text`. Unless otherwise noted, all of the functions listed below work on all of these types, but be wary of potential effects of automatic space-padding when using the `character` type. Some functions also exist natively for the bit-string types.

SQL defines some string functions that use key words, rather than commas, to separate arguments. Details are in Table 9-6. PostgreSQL also provides versions of these functions that use the regular function invocation syntax (see Table 9-7).

> Note: Before PostgreSQL 8.3, these functions would silently accept values of several non-string data types as well, due to the presence of implicit coercions from those data types to `text`. Those coercions have been removed because they frequently caused surprising behaviors. However, the string concatenation operator (`||`) still accepts non-string input, so long as at least one input is of a string type, as shown in Table 9-6. For other cases, insert an explicit coercion to `text` if you need to duplicate the previous behavior.

Table 9-6. SQL String Functions and Operators

Function | Return Type | Description | Example | Result
--- | --- | --- | --- | ---
``string` `||` `string`` | `text` | String concatenation | `'Post' || 'greSQL'` | `PostgreSQL`
``string` `||` `non-string`` or ``non-string` `||` `string`` | `text` | String concatenation with one non-string input | `'Value: ' || 42` | `Value: 42`
``bit_length(`string`)`` | `int` | Number of bits in string | `bit_length('jose')` | `32`
``char_length(`string`)`` or ``character_length(`string`)`` | `int` | Number of characters in string | `char_length('jose')` | `4`
``lower(`string`)`` | `text` | Convert string to lower case | `lower('TOM')` | `tom`
``octet_length(`string`)`` | `int` | Number of bytes in string | `octet_length('jose')` | `4`
``overlay(`string` placing `string` from `int` [for `int`])`` | `text` | Replace substring | `overlay('Txxxxas' placing 'hom' from 2 for 4)` | `Thomas`
``position(`substring` in `string`)`` | `int` | Location of specified substring | `position('om' in 'Thomas')` | `3`
``substring(`string` [from `int`] [for `int`])`` | `text` | Extract substring | `substring('Thomas' from 2 for 3)` | `hom`
``substring(`string` from `pattern`)`` | `text` | Extract substring matching POSIX regular expression. See Section 9.7 for more information on pattern matching. | `substring('Thomas' from '...$')` | `mas`
``substring(`string` from `pattern` for `escape`)`` | `text` | Extract substring matching SQL regular expression. See Section 9.7 for more information on pattern matching. | `substring('Thomas' from '%#"o_a#"_' for '#')` | `oma`
``trim([leading | trailing | both] [`characters`] from `string`)`` | `text` | Remove the longest string containing only the `characters` (a space by default) from the start/end/both ends of the `string` | `trim(both 'x' from 'xTomxx')` | `Tom`
``upper(`string`)`` | `text` | Convert string to upper case | `upper('tom')` | `TOM`

Additional string manipulation functions are available and are listed in Table 9-7. Some of them are used internally to implement the SQL-standard string functions listed in Table 9-6.

Table 9-7. Other String Functions

Function | Return Type | Description | Example | Result
--- | --- | --- | --- | ---
``ascii(`string`)`` | `int` | ASCII code of the first character of the argument. For UTF8 returns the Unicode code point of the character. For other multibyte encodings, the argument must be an ASCII character. | `ascii('x')` | `120`
``btrim(`string` `text` [, `characters` `text`])`` | `text` | Remove the longest string consisting only of characters in `characters` (a space by default) from the start and end of `string` | `btrim('xyxtrimyyx', 'xy')` | `trim`
``chr(`int`)`` | `text` | Character with the given code. For UTF8 the argument is treated as a Unicode code point. For other multibyte encodings the argument must designate an ASCII character. The NULL (0) character is not allowed because text data types cannot store such bytes. | `chr(65)` | `A`
``concat(`str` `"any"` [, `str` `"any"` [, ...] ])`` | `text` | Concatenate all arguments. NULL arguments are ignored. | `concat('abcde', 2, NULL, 22)` | `abcde222`
``concat_ws(`sep` `text`, `str` `"any"` [, `str` `"any"` [, ...] ])`` | `text` | Concatenate all but first arguments with separators. The first parameter is used as a separator. NULL arguments are ignored. | `concat_ws(',', 'abcde', 2, NULL, 22)` | `abcde,2,22`
``convert(`string` `bytea`, `src_encoding` `name`, `dest_encoding` `name`)`` | `bytea` | Convert string to `dest_encoding`. The original encoding is specified by `src_encoding`. The `string` must be valid in this encoding. Conversions can be defined by `CREATE CONVERSION`. Also there are some predefined conversions. See Table 9-8 for available conversions. | `convert('text_in_utf8', 'UTF8', 'LATIN1')` | `text_in_utf8` represented in Latin-1 encoding (ISO 8859-1)
``convert_from(`string` `bytea`, `src_encoding` `name`)`` | `text` | Convert string to the database encoding. The original encoding is specified by `src_encoding`. The `string` must be valid in this encoding. | `convert_from('text_in_utf8', 'UTF8')` | `text_in_utf8` represented in the current database encoding
``convert_to(`string` `text`, `dest_encoding` `name`)`` | `bytea` | Convert string to `dest_encoding`. | `convert_to('some text', 'UTF8')` | `some text` represented in the UTF8 encoding
``decode(`string` `text`, `format` `text`)`` | `bytea` | Decode binary data from textual representation in `string`. Options for `format` are same as in `encode`. | `decode('MTIzAAE=', 'base64')` | `\x3132330001`
``encode(`data` `bytea`, `format` `text`)`` | `text` | Encode binary data into a textual representation. Supported formats are: `base64`, `hex`, `escape`. `escape` converts zero bytes and high-bit-set bytes to octal sequences (`\``nnn`) and doubles backslashes. | `encode(E'123\\000\\001', 'base64')` | `MTIzAAE=`
``format`(`formatstr` `text` [, `str` `"any"` [, ...] ])` | `text` | Format a string. This function is similar to the C function `sprintf`; but only the following conversion specifications are recognized: `%s` interpolates the corresponding argument as a string; `%I` escapes its argument as an SQL identifier; `%L` escapes its argument as an SQL literal; `%%` outputs a literal `%`. A conversion can reference an explicit parameter position by preceding the conversion specifier with ``n`$`, where `n` is the argument position. See also Example 39-1. | `format('Hello %s, %1$s', 'World')` | `Hello World, World`
``initcap(`string`)`` | `text` | Convert the first letter of each word to upper case and the rest to lower case. Words are sequences of alphanumeric characters separated by non-alphanumeric characters. | `initcap('hi THOMAS')` | `Hi Thomas`
``left(`str` `text`, `n` `int`)`` | `text` | Return first `n` characters in the string. When `n` is negative, return all but last |`n`| characters. | `left('abcde', 2)` | `ab`
``length(`string`)`` | `int` | Number of characters in `string` | `length('jose')` | `4`
``length(`string` `bytea`, `encoding` `name` )`` | `int` | Number of characters in `string` in the given `encoding`. The `string` must be valid in this encoding. | `length('jose', 'UTF8')` | `4`
``lpad(`string` `text`, `length` `int` [, `fill` `text`])`` | `text` | Fill up the `string` to length `length` by prepending the characters `fill` (a space by default). If the `string` is already longer than `length` then it is truncated (on the right). | `lpad('hi', 5, 'xy')` | `xyxhi`
``ltrim(`string` `text` [, `characters` `text`])`` | `text` | Remove the longest string containing only characters from `characters` (a space by default) from the start of `string` | `ltrim('zzzytrim', 'xyz')` | `trim`
``md5(`string`)`` | `text` | Calculates the MD5 hash of `string`, returning the result in hexadecimal | `md5('abc')` | `900150983cd24fb0 d6963f7d28e17f72`
``pg_client_encoding()`` | `name` | Current client encoding name | `pg_client_encoding()` | `SQL_ASCII`
``quote_ident(`string` `text`)`` | `text` | Return the given string suitably quoted to be used as an identifier in an SQL statement string. Quotes are added only if necessary (i.e., if the string contains non-identifier characters or would be case-folded). Embedded quotes are properly doubled. See also Example 39-1. | `quote_ident('Foo bar')` | `"Foo bar"`
``quote_literal(`string` `text`)`` | `text` | Return the given string suitably quoted to be used as a string literal in an SQL statement string. Embedded single-quotes and backslashes are properly doubled. Note that `quote_literal` returns null on null input; if the argument might be null, `quote_nullable` is often more suitable. See also Example 39-1. | `quote_literal(E'O\'Reilly')` | `'O''Reilly'`
``quote_literal(`value` `anyelement`)`` | `text` | Coerce the given value to text and then quote it as a literal. Embedded single-quotes and backslashes are properly doubled. | `quote_literal(42.5)` | `'42.5'`
``quote_nullable(`string` `text`)`` | `text` | Return the given string suitably quoted to be used as a string literal in an SQL statement string; or, if the argument is null, return `NULL`. Embedded single-quotes and backslashes are properly doubled. See also Example 39-1. | `quote_nullable(NULL)` | `NULL`
``quote_nullable(`value` `anyelement`)`` | `text` | Coerce the given value to text and then quote it as a literal; or, if the argument is null, return `NULL`. Embedded single-quotes and backslashes are properly doubled. | `quote_nullable(42.5)` | `'42.5'`
``regexp_matches(`string` `text`, `pattern` `text` [, `flags` `text`])`` | `setof text[]` | Return all captured substrings resulting from matching a POSIX regular expression against the `string`. See Section 9.7.3 for more information. | `regexp_matches('foobarbequebaz', '(bar)(beque)')` | `{bar,beque}`
``regexp_replace(`string` `text`, `pattern` `text`, `replacement` `text` [, `flags` `text`])`` | `text` | Replace substring(s) matching a POSIX regular expression. See Section 9.7.3 for more information. | `regexp_replace('Thomas', '.[mN]a.', 'M')` | `ThM`
``regexp_split_to_array(`string` `text`, `pattern` `text` [, `flags` `text` ])`` | `text[]` | Split `string` using a POSIX regular expression as the delimiter. See Section 9.7.3 for more information. | `regexp_split_to_array('hello world', E'\\s+')` | `{hello,world}`
``regexp_split_to_table(`string` `text`, `pattern` `text` [, `flags` `text`])`` | `setof text` | Split `string` using a POSIX regular expression as the delimiter. See Section 9.7.3 for more information. | `regexp_split_to_table('hello world', E'\\s+')` | `hello` `world` (2 rows)
``repeat(`string` `text`, `number` `int`)`` | `text` | Repeat `string` the specified `number` of times | `repeat('Pg', 4)` | `PgPgPgPg`
``replace(`string` `text`, `from` `text`, `to` `text`)`` | `text` | Replace all occurrences in `string` of substring `from` with substring `to` | `replace('abcdefabcdef', 'cd', 'XX')` | `abXXefabXXef`
``reverse(`str`)`` | `text` | Return reversed string. | `reverse('abcde')` | `edcba`
``right(`str` `text`, `n` `int`)`` | `text` | Return last `n` characters in the string. When `n` is negative, return all but first |`n`| characters. | `right('abcde', 2)` | `de`
``rpad(`string` `text`, `length` `int` [, `fill` `text`])`` | `text` | Fill up the `string` to length `length` by appending the characters `fill` (a space by default). If the `string` is already longer than `length` then it is truncated. | `rpad('hi', 5, 'xy')` | `hixyx`
``rtrim(`string` `text` [, `characters` `text`])`` | `text` | Remove the longest string containing only characters from `characters` (a space by default) from the end of `string` | `rtrim('trimxxxx', 'x')` | `trim`
``split_part(`string` `text`, `delimiter` `text`, `field` `int`)`` | `text` | Split `string` on `delimiter` and return the given field (counting from one) | `split_part('abc~@~def~@~ghi', '~@~', 2)` | `def`
``strpos(`string`, `substring`)`` | `int` | Location of specified substring (same as `position(`substring` in `string`)`, but note the reversed argument order) | `strpos('high', 'ig')` | `2`
``substr(`string`, `from` [, `count`])`` | `text` | Extract substring (same as `substring(`string` from `from` for `count`)`) | `substr('alphabet', 3, 2)` | `ph`
``to_ascii(`string` `text` [, `encoding` `text`])`` | `text` | Convert `string` to ASCII from another encoding (only supports conversion from `LATIN1`, `LATIN2`, `LATIN9`, and `WIN1250` encodings) | `to_ascii('Karel')` | `Karel`
``to_hex(`number` `int` or `bigint`)`` | `text` | Convert `number` to its equivalent hexadecimal representation | `to_hex(2147483647)` | `7fffffff`
``translate(`string` `text`, `from` `text`, `to` `text`)`` | `text` | Any character in `string` that matches a character in the `from` set is replaced by the corresponding character in the `to` set. If `from` is longer than `to`, occurrences of the extra characters in `from` are removed. | `translate('12345', '143', 'ax')` | `a2x5`

See also the aggregate function `string_agg` in Section 9.18.

Table 9-8. Built-in Conversions

Conversion Name [a] | Source Encoding | Destination Encoding
--- | --- | ---
`ascii_to_mic` | `SQL_ASCII` | `MULE_INTERNAL`
`ascii_to_utf8` | `SQL_ASCII` | `UTF8`
`big5_to_euc_tw` | `BIG5` | `EUC_TW`
`big5_to_mic` | `BIG5` | `MULE_INTERNAL`
`big5_to_utf8` | `BIG5` | `UTF8`
`euc_cn_to_mic` | `EUC_CN` | `MULE_INTERNAL`
`euc_cn_to_utf8` | `EUC_CN` | `UTF8`
`euc_jp_to_mic` | `EUC_JP` | `MULE_INTERNAL`
`euc_jp_to_sjis` | `EUC_JP` | `SJIS`
`euc_jp_to_utf8` | `EUC_JP` | `UTF8`
`euc_kr_to_mic` | `EUC_KR` | `MULE_INTERNAL`
`euc_kr_to_utf8` | `EUC_KR` | `UTF8`
`euc_tw_to_big5` | `EUC_TW` | `BIG5`
`euc_tw_to_mic` | `EUC_TW` | `MULE_INTERNAL`
`euc_tw_to_utf8` | `EUC_TW` | `UTF8`
`gb18030_to_utf8` | `GB18030` | `UTF8`
`gbk_to_utf8` | `GBK` | `UTF8`
`iso_8859_10_to_utf8` | `LATIN6` | `UTF8`
`iso_8859_13_to_utf8` | `LATIN7` | `UTF8`
`iso_8859_14_to_utf8` | `LATIN8` | `UTF8`
`iso_8859_15_to_utf8` | `LATIN9` | `UTF8`
`iso_8859_16_to_utf8` | `LATIN10` | `UTF8`
`iso_8859_1_to_mic` | `LATIN1` | `MULE_INTERNAL`
`iso_8859_1_to_utf8` | `LATIN1` | `UTF8`
`iso_8859_2_to_mic` | `LATIN2` | `MULE_INTERNAL`
`iso_8859_2_to_utf8` | `LATIN2` | `UTF8`
`iso_8859_2_to_windows_1250` | `LATIN2` | `WIN1250`
`iso_8859_3_to_mic` | `LATIN3` | `MULE_INTERNAL`
`iso_8859_3_to_utf8` | `LATIN3` | `UTF8`
`iso_8859_4_to_mic` | `LATIN4` | `MULE_INTERNAL`
`iso_8859_4_to_utf8` | `LATIN4` | `UTF8`
`iso_8859_5_to_koi8_r` | `ISO_8859_5` | `KOI8R`
`iso_8859_5_to_mic` | `ISO_8859_5` | `MULE_INTERNAL`
`iso_8859_5_to_utf8` | `ISO_8859_5` | `UTF8`
`iso_8859_5_to_windows_1251` | `ISO_8859_5` | `WIN1251`
`iso_8859_5_to_windows_866` | `ISO_8859_5` | `WIN866`
`iso_8859_6_to_utf8` | `ISO_8859_6` | `UTF8`
`iso_8859_7_to_utf8` | `ISO_8859_7` | `UTF8`
`iso_8859_8_to_utf8` | `ISO_8859_8` | `UTF8`
`iso_8859_9_to_utf8` | `LATIN5` | `UTF8`
`johab_to_utf8` | `JOHAB` | `UTF8`
`koi8_r_to_iso_8859_5` | `KOI8R` | `ISO_8859_5`
`koi8_r_to_mic` | `KOI8R` | `MULE_INTERNAL`
`koi8_r_to_utf8` | `KOI8R` | `UTF8`
`koi8_r_to_windows_1251` | `KOI8R` | `WIN1251`
`koi8_r_to_windows_866` | `KOI8R` | `WIN866`
`koi8_u_to_utf8` | `KOI8U` | `UTF8`
`mic_to_ascii` | `MULE_INTERNAL` | `SQL_ASCII`
`mic_to_big5` | `MULE_INTERNAL` | `BIG5`
`mic_to_euc_cn` | `MULE_INTERNAL` | `EUC_CN`
`mic_to_euc_jp` | `MULE_INTERNAL` | `EUC_JP`
`mic_to_euc_kr` | `MULE_INTERNAL` | `EUC_KR`
`mic_to_euc_tw` | `MULE_INTERNAL` | `EUC_TW`
`mic_to_iso_8859_1` | `MULE_INTERNAL` | `LATIN1`
`mic_to_iso_8859_2` | `MULE_INTERNAL` | `LATIN2`
`mic_to_iso_8859_3` | `MULE_INTERNAL` | `LATIN3`
`mic_to_iso_8859_4` | `MULE_INTERNAL` | `LATIN4`
`mic_to_iso_8859_5` | `MULE_INTERNAL` | `ISO_8859_5`
`mic_to_koi8_r` | `MULE_INTERNAL` | `KOI8R`
`mic_to_sjis` | `MULE_INTERNAL` | `SJIS`
`mic_to_windows_1250` | `MULE_INTERNAL` | `WIN1250`
`mic_to_windows_1251` | `MULE_INTERNAL` | `WIN1251`
`mic_to_windows_866` | `MULE_INTERNAL` | `WIN866`
`sjis_to_euc_jp` | `SJIS` | `EUC_JP`
`sjis_to_mic` | `SJIS` | `MULE_INTERNAL`
`sjis_to_utf8` | `SJIS` | `UTF8`
`tcvn_to_utf8` | `WIN1258` | `UTF8`
`uhc_to_utf8` | `UHC` | `UTF8`
`utf8_to_ascii` | `UTF8` | `SQL_ASCII`
`utf8_to_big5` | `UTF8` | `BIG5`
`utf8_to_euc_cn` | `UTF8` | `EUC_CN`
`utf8_to_euc_jp` | `UTF8` | `EUC_JP`
`utf8_to_euc_kr` | `UTF8` | `EUC_KR`
`utf8_to_euc_tw` | `UTF8` | `EUC_TW`
`utf8_to_gb18030` | `UTF8` | `GB18030`
`utf8_to_gbk` | `UTF8` | `GBK`
`utf8_to_iso_8859_1` | `UTF8` | `LATIN1`
`utf8_to_iso_8859_10` | `UTF8` | `LATIN6`
`utf8_to_iso_8859_13` | `UTF8` | `LATIN7`
`utf8_to_iso_8859_14` | `UTF8` | `LATIN8`
`utf8_to_iso_8859_15` | `UTF8` | `LATIN9`
`utf8_to_iso_8859_16` | `UTF8` | `LATIN10`
`utf8_to_iso_8859_2` | `UTF8` | `LATIN2`
`utf8_to_iso_8859_3` | `UTF8` | `LATIN3`
`utf8_to_iso_8859_4` | `UTF8` | `LATIN4`
`utf8_to_iso_8859_5` | `UTF8` | `ISO_8859_5`
`utf8_to_iso_8859_6` | `UTF8` | `ISO_8859_6`
`utf8_to_iso_8859_7` | `UTF8` | `ISO_8859_7`
`utf8_to_iso_8859_8` | `UTF8` | `ISO_8859_8`
`utf8_to_iso_8859_9` | `UTF8` | `LATIN5`
`utf8_to_johab` | `UTF8` | `JOHAB`
`utf8_to_koi8_r` | `UTF8` | `KOI8R`
`utf8_to_koi8_u` | `UTF8` | `KOI8U`
`utf8_to_sjis` | `UTF8` | `SJIS`
`utf8_to_tcvn` | `UTF8` | `WIN1258`
`utf8_to_uhc` | `UTF8` | `UHC`
`utf8_to_windows_1250` | `UTF8` | `WIN1250`
`utf8_to_windows_1251` | `UTF8` | `WIN1251`
`utf8_to_windows_1252` | `UTF8` | `WIN1252`
`utf8_to_windows_1253` | `UTF8` | `WIN1253`
`utf8_to_windows_1254` | `UTF8` | `WIN1254`
`utf8_to_windows_1255` | `UTF8` | `WIN1255`
`utf8_to_windows_1256` | `UTF8` | `WIN1256`
`utf8_to_windows_1257` | `UTF8` | `WIN1257`
`utf8_to_windows_866` | `UTF8` | `WIN866`
`utf8_to_windows_874` | `UTF8` | `WIN874`
`windows_1250_to_iso_8859_2` | `WIN1250` | `LATIN2`
`windows_1250_to_mic` | `WIN1250` | `MULE_INTERNAL`
`windows_1250_to_utf8` | `WIN1250` | `UTF8`
`windows_1251_to_iso_8859_5` | `WIN1251` | `ISO_8859_5`
`windows_1251_to_koi8_r` | `WIN1251` | `KOI8R`
`windows_1251_to_mic` | `WIN1251` | `MULE_INTERNAL`
`windows_1251_to_utf8` | `WIN1251` | `UTF8`
`windows_1251_to_windows_866` | `WIN1251` | `WIN866`
`windows_1252_to_utf8` | `WIN1252` | `UTF8`
`windows_1256_to_utf8` | `WIN1256` | `UTF8`
`windows_866_to_iso_8859_5` | `WIN866` | `ISO_8859_5`
`windows_866_to_koi8_r` | `WIN866` | `KOI8R`
`windows_866_to_mic` | `WIN866` | `MULE_INTERNAL`
`windows_866_to_utf8` | `WIN866` | `UTF8`
`windows_866_to_windows_1251` | `WIN866` | `WIN`
`windows_874_to_utf8` | `WIN874` | `UTF8`
`euc_jis_2004_to_utf8` | `EUC_JIS_2004` | `UTF8`
`utf8_to_euc_jis_2004` | `UTF8` | `EUC_JIS_2004`
`shift_jis_2004_to_utf8` | `SHIFT_JIS_2004` | `UTF8`
`utf8_to_shift_jis_2004` | `UTF8` | `SHIFT_JIS_2004`
`euc_jis_2004_to_shift_jis_2004` | `EUC_JIS_2004` | `SHIFT_JIS_2004`
`shift_jis_2004_to_euc_jis_2004` | `SHIFT_JIS_2004` | `EUC_JIS_2004`
Notes: a. The conversion names follow a standard naming scheme: The official name of the source encoding with all non-alphanumeric characters replaced by underscores, followed by `_to_`, followed by the similarly processed destination encoding name. Therefore, the names might deviate from the customary encoding names.

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