PostgreSQL 9.3.9 Documentation
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# 9.15. JSON Functions and Operators

Table 9-40 shows the operators that are available for use with JSON (see Section 8.14) data.

Table 9-40. JSON Operators

Operator | Right Operand Type | Description | Example
--- | --- | --- | ---
`->` | int | Get JSON array element | `'[1,2,3]'::json->2`
`->` | text | Get JSON object field | `'{"a":1,"b":2}'::json->'b'`
`->>` | int | Get JSON array element as text | `'[1,2,3]'::json->>2`
`->>` | text | Get JSON object field as text | `'{"a":1,"b":2}'::json->>'b'`
`#>` | array of text | Get JSON object at specified path | `'{"a":[1,2,3],"b":[4,5,6]}'::json#>'{a,2}'`
`#>>` | array of text | Get JSON object at specified path as text | `'{"a":[1,2,3],"b":[4,5,6]}'::json#>>'{a,2}'`

Table 9-41 shows the functions that are available for creating and manipulating JSON (see Section 8.14) data.

Table 9-41. JSON Support Functions

Function | Return Type | Description | Example | Example Result
--- | --- | --- | --- | ---
`array_to_json(anyarray [, pretty_bool])` | `json` | Returns the array as JSON. A PostgreSQL multidimensional array becomes a JSON array of arrays. Line feeds will be added between dimension 1 elements if `pretty_bool` is true. | `array_to_json('{{1,5},{99,100}}'::int[])` | `[[1,5],[99,100]]`
`row_to_json(record [, pretty_bool])` | `json` | Returns the row as JSON. Line feeds will be added between level 1 elements if `pretty_bool` is true. | `row_to_json(row(1,'foo'))` | `{"f1":1,"f2":"foo"}`
`to_json(anyelement)` | `json` | Returns the value as JSON. If the data type is not built in, and there is a cast from the type to `json`, the cast function will be used to perform the conversion. Otherwise, for any value other than a number, a Boolean, or a null value, the text representation will be used, escaped and quoted so that it is legal JSON. | `to_json('Fred said "Hi."'::text)` | `"Fred said \"Hi.\""`
`json_array_length(json)` | `int` | Returns the number of elements in the outermost JSON array. | `json_array_length('[1,2,3,{"f1":1,"f2":[5,6]},4]')` | `5`
`json_each(json)` | `SETOF key text, value json` | Expands the outermost JSON object into a set of key/value pairs. | `select * from json_each('{"a":"foo", "b":"bar"}')` |
     key | value
    -----+-------
     a   | "foo"
     b   | "bar"
`json_each_text(from_json json)` | `SETOF key text, value text` | Expands the outermost JSON object into a set of key/value pairs. The returned value will be of type text. | `select * from json_each_text('{"a":"foo", "b":"bar"}')` |
     key | value
    -----+-------
     a   | foo
     b   | bar
`json_extract_path(from_json json, VARIADIC path_elems text[])` | `json` | Returns JSON object pointed to by `path_elems`. | `json_extract_path('{"f2":{"f3":1},"f4":{"f5":99,"f6":"foo"}}','f4')` | `{"f5":99,"f6":"foo"}`
`json_extract_path_text(from_json json, VARIADIC path_elems text[])` | `text` | Returns JSON object pointed to by `path_elems`. | `json_extract_path_text('{"f2":{"f3":1},"f4":{"f5":99,"f6":"foo"}}','f4', 'f6')` | `foo`
`json_object_keys(json)` | `SETOF text` | Returns set of keys in the JSON object. Only the "outer" object will be displayed. | `json_object_keys('{"f1":"abc","f2":{"f3":"a", "f4":"b"}}')` |
     json_object_keys
    ------------------
     f1
     f2
`json_populate_record(base anyelement, from_json json, [, use_json_as_text bool=false]` | `anyelement` | Expands the object in `from_json` to a row whose columns match the record type defined by base. Conversion will be best effort; columns in base with no corresponding key in `from_json` will be left null. If a column is specified more than once, the last value is used. | `select * from json_populate_record(null::x, '{"a":1,"b":2}')` |
     a | b
    ---+---
     1 | 2
`json_populate_recordset(base anyelement, from_json json, [, use_json_as_text bool=false]` | `SETOF anyelement` | Expands the outermost set of objects in `from_json` to a set whose columns match the record type defined by base. Conversion will be best effort; columns in base with no corresponding key in `from_json` will be left null. If a column is specified more than once, the last value is used. | `select * from json_populate_recordset(null::x, '[{"a":1,"b":2},{"a":3,"b":4}]')` |
     a | b
    ---+---
     1 | 2
     3 | 4
`json_array_elements(json)` | `SETOF json` | Expands a JSON array to a set of JSON elements. | `json_array_elements('[1,true, [2,false]]')` |
       value
    -----------
     1
     true
     [2,false]

> Note: The `json` functions and operators can impose stricter validity requirements than the type's input functions. In particular, they check much more closely that any use of Unicode surrogate pairs to designate characters outside the Unicode Basic Multilingual Plane is correct.

> Note: Many of these functions and operators will convert Unicode escapes in the JSON text to the appropriate UTF8 character when the database encoding is UTF8. In other encodings the escape sequence must be for an ASCII character, and any other code point in a Unicode escape sequence will result in an error. In general, it is best to avoid mixing Unicode escapes in JSON with a non-UTF8 database encoding, if possible.

> Note: The hstore extension has a cast from `hstore` to `json`, so that converted `hstore` values are represented as JSON objects, not as string values.

See also Section 9.20 about the aggregate function `json_agg` which aggregates record values as JSON efficiently.

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